• The Declaration of Independence
• British Replies to the Declaration
• The Articles of Confederation
• The Constitution of the United States
• The Bill of Rights
• The Federalist
• The Founding Documents Display Case
• Fourth of July Celebration

The Declaration of Independence

Philadelphia: John Dunlap, July 4, 1776
Purchased through the generosity of friends and alumni
of Williams College

American independence from Great Britain was declared by means of a broadside printed by John Dunlap, an Irish immigrant, on the night of July 4, 1776, by vote of the Continental Congress immediately following its vote to approve the text of the Declaration. Copies were delivered to John Hancock, then President of the Congress, in the morning of July 5th, and sent by him to the state governors that day and on the 6th. Among these were the copies read by Colonel John Nixon from a platform in the yard behind the Pennsylvania statehouse on July 8th, and by George Washington to his troops in New York on July 9th. Vice-Admiral Richard Howe intercepted a copy and dispatched it to London on July 28th.
     A copy was also preserved by the Secretary of the Congress, Charles Thompson, in his minutes book; and it was to this text that a scribe, commissioned by the Congress, turned when preparing the ceremonial manuscript copy of the Declaration on parchment, preserved at the National Archives in Washington, D.C., which was signed by members of the Continental Congress on August 2, 1776. The printed Declaration of Independence thus predates the famous copy, signed by John Hancock et al., by nearly a month. The printed copy bears only the names, in type, of Hancock and Thompson on behalf of the Congress, and of the printer John Dunlap; it was the promulgation of an act of Congress and needed no more. The text of the ceremonial copy differs from that of the printed original only in its title: it became a "Unanimous Declaration" only later in July 1776, when New York State's members of Congress changed their vote from abstention to the affirmative.
     It is interesting to note, when considering the Declaration of Independence, the often-cited "intent of the Founding Fathers", and the high prices manuscripts by those who signed the ceremonial copy command in the marketplace, that some delegations to the Continental Congress changed between July 4 and August 2, 1776. Therefore some who voted to approve the Declaration of Independence had retired from Congress before the ceremonial copy was prepared, and so never signed, while some who signed on August 2nd had not been in Congress on July 4th and so never voted on that auspicious day. The Chapin Library's copy of the Dunlap broadside is one of only twenty-six known to survive, including fragments, of perhaps one or two hundred printed (the precise number is not known). It is also one of the best preserved copies, and the only one to have a physical connection to someone who both voted for Independence and signed the ceremonial Declaration: Joseph Hewes of North Carolina. Hewes somehow obtained a copy of the broadside from John Hancock - members of Congress do not seem to have received copies as a matter of course - and wrote on it a docket, "Declaration of Independence". Hewes died three years later, but his papers survived. The Chapin Library was fortunate to be able to raise the necessary funds to buy the Hewes copy of the Declaration of Independence from Christie's, New York, when it came on the market in April 1983. The names of the friends and alumni of Williams College who contributed to this important purchase are recorded here. Return to top


British Replies to the Declaration

Viscount Admiral Richard Howe (1726-1799)
and General William Howe (1729-1814)
A Declaration
[Probably New York, 1776]
Gift of J. Brooks Hoffman, M.D., Class of 1940

This infamous first official British reply to the Declaration of Independence exists in four known printings, totaling only six copies. The Hoffman copy appears to be the only surviving example of its printing. The Howe brothers were the King’s official representatives, and directed both England’s military and diplomatic efforts in America. George III’s response, written by Lord North, was finally delivered to Parliament October 31, 1776; a copy of this rare item (click here for a transcription in Word format) is also in the Chapin Library.

Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union

Lancaster, Pa.: Francis Bailey, 1777
Gift of Alfred C. Chapin, Class of 1869

The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union were the first formal constitution of the United States. Approved by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, they were immediately printed by Francis Bailey in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where Congress had moved after the British occupation of Philadelphia in late September. Bailey's official printing was issued in a small number of copies intended primarily for transmission to the governors, who in turn were to submit them to their legislatures and local press in anticipation of the state-by-state ratification process. On March 1, 1781 Maryland became the thirteenth state to ratify, having held out until the larger states with western boundaries that extended as far as the Mississippi had ceded their lands northwest of the Ohio River to the common government. Under the Articles the new nation was organized as a federal union of independent states with authority vested in a single body, the Congress of Confederation. There was no executive branch and no provision for a federal judiciary except for certain cases of court-martial. Congress had only those powers, and they were few, specifically granted to them by the states as common concerns. These chiefly related to military and foreign diplomatic initiatives required in the face of full-fledged war with Great Britain. The weakness of this confederation became increasingly apparent when the War for Independence was won and the staggering debt repayment, which Congress under the Articles could proportionally assess but not directly collect, became a point of conflict between the states and a source of intense domestic strife within several of the states. The Articles of Confederation are the most sumptuously printed major American document of the 18th century, and of the nine extant copies none is more perfectly preserved than that in the Williams College shrine of the Founding Documents. Return to top


The Constitution of the United States

Committee of Style draft copy
Philadelphia: Dunlap and Claypoole, 1787
Gift of Alfred C. Chapin, Class of 1869

During the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787, two drafts of the federal constitution were printed for discussion by the delegates, in editions of sixty copies each. The first draft was prepared by the Committee of Detail, and when that was revised, a second draft was prepared by the Committee of Style and Arrangement. The Chapin Library has a copy of the latter, one of only fourteen still extant, formerly owned and profusely annotated by George Mason of Virginia. His notes on the printed side of the four leaves record the changes made, and in some cases proposed by Mason, in the final days of debate.
     Mason, a longtime friend of George Washington, a noted statesman, author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776), and a principal speaker at the Constitutional Convention, was also one of three delegates who voted not to approve the final text of the Constitution. On the blank reverse side of two leaves of his draft copy, Mason wrote out his objections to the Constitution; these were later printed and circulated. (A full transcription may be read here.) Mason went back to Virginia and worked against his state's ratification of the Constitution, but did not succeed. His concerns, however, were valid, and for the most part have been addressed in amendments to the Constitution. Return to top

The Bill of Rights

House of Representatives draft version
New York: T. Greenleaf, August 24, 1789

Acts Passed at a Congress of the United States of America
New York: Childs and Swaine, 1789

Gifts of Alfred C. Chapin, Class of 1869

George Mason's objections to the Constitution begin: "There is no Declaration of Rights, and the Laws of the general Government being paramount to the Laws & Constitutions of the several States, the Declarations of Rights in the separate States are no Security." Thus it is appropriate that we display, beneath Mason's words, two printed copies of the Bill of Rights, the first amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The first of these, one of only a handful of copies known to still exist, is the version approved by the House of Representatives and sent to the Senate for consideration. In this version there are seventeen articles, parts of which are of particular interest in comparison to the final text: for example, the original third article provided not only that "Congress shall make no law establishing religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof," but also that "the rights of Conscience [shall not] be infringed"; while the original fifth article, establishing "the right of the People to keep and bear arms" in relation to "a well regulated militia," also provided that "no one religiously scrupulous of bearing arms, shall be compelled to render military service in person."
     The Senate in its deliberations deleted some of the articles written by the House, and combined others. Their preferred text then went to a House-Senate committee, and finally twelve articles, shown in the Chapin Library in a copy of the first printed Acts of Congress, were sent to the states for ratification. The states failed to ratify the first and second articles, which, respectively, concerned the proportion of representation in Congress and the method by which congressional salaries could be changed. Articles three through twelve as approved by Congress became, therefore, in the final ratified Bill of Rights, articles one through ten. (The original second article, concerning congressional salaries, in fact was never officially taken off the table, and was eventually ratified as the 27th Amendment in May 1992.) Return to top

The Federalist

New-York: J. and A. M'Lean, 1788
Gift of Herbert A. Allen, Class of 1962

On permanent display with the four Founding Documents is the copy of The Federalist presented to George Washington by two of its authors, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison. Each of its two volumes bears Washington's signature and bookplate. The Federalist, written by Hamilton and Madison with John Jay, argued in favor of the adoption of the federal constitution then under consideration by the States to supplant the Articles of Confederation. This book remains the most important comment on the U.S. Constitution contemporary with its writing. Return to top

The Founding Documents Display Case

Constructed through the generosity of William R. Harris '40, R. Rhett Austell, Jr. '48, John C. Walsh '54, and the General Electric Company, the "Shrine of the Founding Documents" was designed by Burr and McCallum Architects of Williamstown, Massachusetts, and constructed by local craftspeople. It incorporates details drawn from the Chapin Library's copy of the Articles of the Carpenters Company of Philadelphia (1786), as well as the latest in materials and technology to protect the Founding Documents from harmful light, vandalism, and theft. The case, pictured above, will remain in the Chapin Library gallery in Stetson Hall during renovations, while the documents themselves are on temporary display at the Williams College Museum of Art. Return to top

Fourth of July Celebration

Every year, to celebrate Independence Day, the Chapin Library has been pleased to host readings of the Declaration of Independence, the British reply to the Declaration (September 1776), and the preamble to the U.S. Constitution, by actors from the Williamstown Theatre Festival. While the Library's rooms in Stetson Hall are undergoing renovations, readings will be held at the Williams College Museum of Art. Return to top

Display of the Founding Documents

Due to the temporary relocation of the Chapin Library while Stetson Hall is renovated and a new library/IT center is added to the building, the Founding Documents have been moved to the Williams College Museum of Art, and are on display there until the Chapin Library returns to campus. Return to top

Return to Collections page
Return to Exhibitions page
Go to Chapin Library home page

Text copyright © 2001-2009 by the President and Trustees of Williams College
Photograph of the Founding Documents case copyright © by A. Blake Gardner
This page was last updated on 13 January 2009