150 Years of the Science of the Mind – A History of Psychology

J. Morris, Psychology
J. Hernandez Cruz, Philosophy & Cognitive Science

 

 

The investigation of perception, reasoning, memory, and language within a scientific framework has a varied and rich history. That history has seen a transformation from a methodology based solely on introspection to one based solely on observable behavior. The inadequacies of behaviorism in turn lead to the emergence of a cognitive, information-processing view of mentality. Recently, the information processing view has begun to yield to a view informed by neuroscientific research.

Once only the domain of philosophical speculation, the mind is now studied using a combination of rigorous, quantitative approaches. How did these transformations occur? In this course, we will pursue the historical emergence of experimental psychology through primary sources drawn from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The history of psychology presents an especially challenging case in the history of science, since the mind has seemed to many to be beyond scientific explanation. Our goal is to understand the methodological and theoretical changes that lead to our contemporary conception of human psychological capacities, thereby achieving a clearer view on the direction and prospects of a science of the mind.

This course is intended for students concentrating in psychology or cognitive science, or for students interested in the history of the methods of science.

REQUIRED TEXTS

    Most of the crucial primary source material in the history of scientific psychology is available at no cost on the world wide web. The majority of the readings for the course will therefore be accessed through links to be found on the on-line version of the schedule of readings, below. Students are invited to follow these links through their own computers or through college computing facilities. Students should print out the material or have a portable electronic version (e.g., on a laptop or palmtop) available for reference during seminar meetings.

    If this arrangement is intractable, please contact either of the instructors.

    Readings not available on-line will be made available by the instructors.

 

 

SEMINAR RESOURCES

    Both instructors hold office hours each week. There are sign-up sheets posted on our office doors. Professor Morris is in ASH 103. Professor Cruz is in ASH 205.

    The digital classroom on the second floor of Adele Simmons Hall is available to all students. Open hours vary according to the schedule posted on the digital classroom door.

 

 

To RECEIVE AN EVALUATION, you must:

    1. Attend - You are expected to attend every seminar meeting. Please contact either of the instructors for missed material due to an excused absence. Lectures will combine elements of the reading as well as new material.

    2. Participate - Thoughtful participation in seminar discussion will be one indicator that you are doing the reading.

    3. Write weekly seminar papers -- 3 pages (4 maximum). Typewritten, double spaced in a 12 point font. No title page.

      You may choose any element of the reading to write on. For example, you may briefly summarize the issues of the reading and critically respond by using other material from the course. Or, you may take a direct quotation from the readings and give a focused critical appraisal of it. In general, a mere summary of the readings will not be adequate for the assignment. Please go beyond the readings by offering a disciplined, critical reaction. (Keep in mind that by 'critical' we do not mean that you must criticize the readings. Rather, we mean to suggest that your weekly papers should offer a reaction to the readings where the reaction is backed by reasons.)

      Weekly papers are due in Professor Cruz's mailbox (in the ASH office) by NOON on the TUESDAY before the class meeting. Alternatively, students may submit their work by electronic mail by late evening that day.

      Students may be asked to read their papers during the seminar in order to frame the discussion.

      You may skip 3 weekly papers over the course of the semester in order to complete work for other courses or for personal reasons. There are 13 weeks with weekly writing assignments (there is no writing assignment for the first class meeting).

       

       

    4. Complete the Take-Home Final Exam - 12-15 pages. Monday, May 8 (Noon) to Tuesday, May 9 (Noon).

      The final project will be a take-home examination that students will have 24 hours to complete. The exam will be composed of three questions drawn from a much larger set of study questions that will be given out in advance (roughly two weeks before the end of the semester). Each of the three exam questions will require broad reflection on the themes of the course, and we expect that students will write 4-5 pages for each.

      Students are welcome and encouraged to collaborate in thinking about the study questions. The final exam, however, should be a strictly individual effort.

      Exams must reflect original thoughts and ideas. Any direct quotations or paraphrased material from outside sources must be credited and footnoted in your favorite style. Outside sources are not required for an excellent exam. Violation of this constitutes plagiarism.

      Typewritten, double spaced in a 12 point font.

 


 

Schedule of Topics & Readings

January

26


Discussion:History & the Mind: Consciousness, Perception, Memory, and Thinking

Readings:None

February

2


Discussion:Psychology as the Science of Consciousness

Readings:Gustav Theodor Fechner (1860) Elements of Psychophysics (Sections VII and XIV)
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1885) Memory: A Contribution to Experimental Psychology.
Chapter 3

9

Discussion:Psychology as the Science of Consciousness

Readings:Wilhelm Max Wundt (1897) Outlines of Psychology. (Introduction and Parts I-III)
Edward Bradford Titchner (1898) The Postulates of a Structural Psychology.

16

Discussion:Themes from William James - Self & Perception

Readings:William James (1890) The Principles of Psychology. Chapter 1 | Chapter 10 | Chapter 19

 

23


Discussion:Objective Form in Consciousness, Gestalt Psychology

Readings:Max Wertheimer (1923) Laws of Organization in Perceptual Forms.
Wolfgang Kohler (1959) Gestalt Psychology Today.

 March

1


HAMPSHIRE ADVISING/EXAM DAY (NO CLASS)

8

Discussion:The Unconscious Mind

Readings:Sigmund Freud (1900) The Interpretation of Dreams.

11-19

SPRING BREAK

 

22


Discussion:Consciousness Debated

Readings:William James (1904) Does consciousness exist?
Sigmund Freud (1915) The Unconscious.

29

Discussion:Psychology as Biology

Readings:Edward Thorndike (1911) Animal Intelligence. Chapter 1 | Chapter 5
Ivan Pavlov (1927). Conditioned reflexes: An investigation of the physiological
activity of the cerebral cortex

April

5


Discussion:Behaviorism

Readings:John Watson (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist views it.
Edward Tolman (1922). A new formula for behaviorism.
Burhuss Frederick Skinner (1948). 'Superstition' in the pigeon.

 

12


Discussion:Critiques of Behaviorism

Readings:Noam Chomsky (1959) A Review of B.F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior.
Reading will be handed out in class.

19

Discussion:Roots of Cognitivism

Readings:Jean Piaget (1955) The Construction of Reality in the Child.
George Miller (1956) The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two:
Some Limits on our Capacity for Processing Information
.
26

Discussion:Cognitivism

Readings:David Marr (1982) from Vision (chapter 1).
Reading will be handed out in class.
Saul Sternberg (1999) Inferring Mental Operations from Reaction-Time Data: How We
Compare Objects
Reading will be handed out in class.

May

3


Discussion:Critiques of Cognitivism

Readings:John Searle (1992) from The Rediscovery of the Mind.
Reading will be handed out in class.
Rodney Brooks (1991) Intelligence Without Representation (this is a pdf file).