The First Crusade (1095-1131) was one of the most remarkable episodes in the history of the Middle Ages. Responding to the call of Pope Urban II, a mass movement of armed pilgrims marched almost 2000 miles from western Europe to the Holy Land to reconquer Jerusalem from Turkish invaders. In the eyes of these crusaders, they were undertaking a Christian pilgrimage and penitential war through which they hoped to win salvation, glory, and treasure. In the eyes of others, however, the crusaders were savage barbarians who understood little of the sophisticated civilizations they encountered and who butchered innocent Jews, Muslims, and fellow Christians in God's name. This seminar explores the origins, course, and impact of the First Crusade from social, cultural, theological, political, economic, and military perspectives. Special attention will be given to analyzing, comparing, and contrasting different accounts of the First Crusade-not only those of western Christians, but also of Jews, Byzantine Greeks, Muslims, and other witnesses. Through this study of the First Crusade, we will examine one of the defining events of the Middle Ages and uncover the roots of much ethnic, religious, and political conflict in our modern world. Format: seminar with short lectures and audio-visual presentations. Evaluation will be based on several short papers, a map quiz, a research paper, and class participation. Expected enrollment: 10-20. Groups B and D

GOLDBERG